1. As the technique of detailing changed from the hands of the craftsman to the tools of the architect, how has the resulting construction of details changed? Explain in terms of scale, material and cost.


As the hands of the craftsman changed to the tools of the architect, the type of details has changed. With the craftsman, the details were hand carved, typically out of wood. The labor involved in this process would be very expensive because it was very time consuming, but when the architect's tools became involved, the cost went down but also the level because most architects don't think of fine detailing within a space, more so a geometric sequence of sorts in a larger scale.


2. How does "geometrical relationship" of individual details provide an understanding of the whole building if "indirect vision" localizes the viewer and "habit determines to a large extent even optical reception"?


The localization of a viewer due to indirect vision brings a viewer into a closer range which would expose the details that would not be seen beforehand. With a clear geometrical relationship that is familiar, the viewer would spend less time, whether they realize it or not, deciphering what is in the space.


3. Carlo Scarp's details are a "result of an intellectual game" where the Open City buildings are constructed from an act of poetry. Describe what role the detail plays to "tell-the-tale" in each of these environments.


Scarp's details are a result of a visual game of chess which accurately pans out the details in a very precise and direct way where as the Open City is a poetic vision in which the details aren't told or shown directly. They are shown through a series of indirect details, leading one to find the details.


4. Pendleton-Jullian writes about the Open City as emerging from and being in the landscape. Does allowing landscape to initiate "the configuration of territory and space" challenge Western building notions, and how so?


Yes, in Western building notions, the idea is to strip the land of all its natural resources and replace them with what the designer feels is necessary rather than allowing the geometry and natural resources to designate what can or cannot be constructed.


 5. Describe some detail conditions of the Open City that convey "lightness" as Pendleton-Jullian refers to.

Pendelton-Julian refers to a type of construction and design that is as light and airy as it can be to create a footprint that isn't as harsh as a typical building. An attempt to reuse materials in some way or another once the building is deconstructed.